Prof. Matthew Wright, chair of EFSA’s working group on E171, noted: “Although the evidence for general toxic effects was not conclusive, on the basis of the new data and strengthened methods we could not rule out a concern for genotoxicity and consequently we could not establish a safe level for daily intake of the food additive.”
- In conclusion, the integration of R960 into TiO2 manufacturing processes represents a significant advancement in the field of materials science. Its ability to enhance catalyst performance and reduce environmental impact makes it a valuable addition to the production of this essential material. As the demand for TiO2 continues to grow, the use of R960 will become increasingly important in meeting the needs of industry while protecting the environment.
- On the supply side, titanium is primarily produced from two sources ilmenite and rutile. Ilmenite is the most common source of titanium ore, while rutile is considered a higher-grade source. The supply of titanium ore is influenced by factors such as mining regulations, environmental concerns, and geopolitical events. Any disruptions in the supply chain can have a significant impact on prices.

≥99.0
While the conclusions of the EU expert panel were considered in this report, Health Canada's Food Directorate conducted its own comprehensive review of the available science. This included evaluating new scientific data that addressed some of the uncertainties identified by the EU expert panel and were not available at the time of their review.
CSPI says it might reconsider its rating if specifications for food-grade titanium dioxide in the U.S. are updated to ensure nanoparticles are minimized, and new studies are conducted to assess its capacity to cause cancer or other health problems.
Because of its ability to absorb UV light, it's particularly useful as an ingredient in sunscreens — while its light-scattering properties are great for applications that require white opacity and brightness, such as in paint and paper.
Titanium dioxide is one of the many oxides formed naturally in our environment. Manufacturers source this mined mineral from rutile, brookite, and anatase. It is then processed and refined to meet stringent safety guidelines based on the end-use for the mineral.


Lithopone
FAQ – EFSA 2021 safety assessment of titanium dioxide (E171)
Titanium dioxide is an important chemical compound that is widely used in various applications, including paint, cosmetics, sunscreens, and food coloring. As the demand for this versatile substance continues to grow, the role of titanium dioxide manufacturers becomes crucial in ensuring a stable supply for industries around the world.
The EU expert panel did not identify an immediate health concern linked to TiO2 when used as a food additive. However, due mainly to uncertainties concerning the safety of TiO2 nanoparticles, the panel concluded that TiO2 as a food additive (E171) could no longer be considered safe.